Using millis() Function as an Alternative to Using Delay

In this tutorial I am looking at using millis function in the code. Describing the advantages it has over using delay function.

Oct 16, 2020

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4 respects

millis

delay

multitasking

Components and supplies

Rotary potentiometer (generic)

LED (generic)

Resistor 220 ohm

Arduino Nano R3

Project description

Code

Binking two LEDs - using millis

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
3unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
4unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2  = 0;
5unsigned long LED2_interval=250;
6
7
8#define LED1 3
9#define LED2  9
10
11
12int LED1_state=0;
13int LED2_state=0;
14
15
16void setup() {
17  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
18  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
19}
20void loop() {
21  ms_from_start  = millis();
22
23  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1> LED1_interval){
24    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
25    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1;  else LED1_state=0;
26    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
27  }
28
29  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2>  LED2_interval){
30    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
31    if (LED2_state==0)  LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
32    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
33  }
34
35}
36

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2  = 0;
unsigned long LED2_interval=250;


#define LED1 3
#define LED2  9


int LED1_state=0;
int LED2_state=0;


void setup() {
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
  ms_from_start  = millis();

  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1> LED1_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1;  else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
  }

  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2>  LED2_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
    if (LED2_state==0)  LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
  }

}

Blinking 2 LEDs - Using delay function

arduino

1#define LED1 3
2#define LED2 9
3
4
5
6void setup() {
7   pinMode(LED1,   OUTPUT);
8   pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
9
10}
11void loop() {
12  digitalWrite(LED1,   HIGH);
13  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
14  delay(100); 
15  digitalWrite(LED2,   LOW);
16  delay(100);
17  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
18  delay(100); 
19  digitalWrite(LED2,   LOW);
20  delay(100);
21  digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
22  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);   
23  delay(100); 
24  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
25  delay(100);
26  digitalWrite(LED2,   HIGH); 
27  delay(100); 
28  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
29  delay(100);
30
31}
32

#define LED1 3
#define LED2 9



void setup() {
   pinMode(LED1,   OUTPUT);
   pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);

}
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(LED1,   HIGH);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2,   LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2,   LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);   
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED2,   HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
  delay(100);

}

Blink Sketch - using millis

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1   = 0;
3unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
4
5#define LED1 3
6
7int LED1_state=0;
8
9void   setup() {
10  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
11}
12
13void loop() {
14  ms_from_start   = millis();
15  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>LED1_interval){
16    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
17     if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
18    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
19   }
20}

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1   = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;

#define LED1 3

int LED1_state=0;

void   setup() {
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  ms_from_start   = millis();
  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>LED1_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
     if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
   }
}

Classic Blink Sketch - using delay function

arduino

1#define LED1 3
2
3void setup() {
4 pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
5}
6
7void   loop() {
8 digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH); 
9 delay(1000); 
10  digitalWrite(LED1,   LOW); 
11  delay(1000); 
12}
13

#define LED1 3

void setup() {
 pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
}

void   loop() {
 digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH); 
 delay(1000); 
  digitalWrite(LED1,   LOW); 
  delay(1000); 
}

Blinking 2 LEDs - with millie, changing frequency with potentiometers

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1   = 0;
3unsigned long LED1_interval=0;
4unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2 =   0;
5unsigned long LED2_interval=0;
6
7
8#define LED1 3
9#define LED2 9
10
11#define   P1 A7
12#define P2 A1
13
14int LED1_state=0;
15int LED2_state=0;
16
17
18void   setup() {
19  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
20  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
21  pinMode(P1,   INPUT);
22  pinMode(P2, INPUT);
23}
24void loop() {
25  ms_from_start = millis();
26   LED1_interval=0;
27  LED2_interval=0;
28  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
29   LED1_interval=LED1_interval+map(analogRead(P1),0,1023,100,1000);
30    LED2_interval=LED2_interval+map(analogRead(P2),0,1023,100,1000);
31  }
32  LED1_interval=LED1_interval/5;
33   LED2_interval=LED2_interval/5;
34  
35  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>   LED1_interval){
36    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
37    if (LED1_state==0)   LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
38    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
39  }
40
41   if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2> LED2_interval){
42    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
43     if (LED2_state==0) LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
44    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
45   }
46
47}
48

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1   = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2 =   0;
unsigned long LED2_interval=0;


#define LED1 3
#define LED2 9

#define   P1 A7
#define P2 A1

int LED1_state=0;
int LED2_state=0;


void   setup() {
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(P1,   INPUT);
  pinMode(P2, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
  ms_from_start = millis();
   LED1_interval=0;
  LED2_interval=0;
  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
   LED1_interval=LED1_interval+map(analogRead(P1),0,1023,100,1000);
    LED2_interval=LED2_interval+map(analogRead(P2),0,1023,100,1000);
  }
  LED1_interval=LED1_interval/5;
   LED2_interval=LED2_interval/5;
  
  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>   LED1_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
    if (LED1_state==0)   LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
  }

   if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2> LED2_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
     if (LED2_state==0) LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
   }

}

Classic Blink Sketch - using delay function

arduino

1#define LED1 3
2
3void setup() {
4 pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
5}
6
7void  loop() {
8 digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH); 
9 delay(1000); 
10  digitalWrite(LED1,  LOW); 
11  delay(1000); 
12}
13

#define LED1 3

void setup() {
 pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
}

void  loop() {
 digitalWrite(LED1, HIGH); 
 delay(1000); 
  digitalWrite(LED1,  LOW); 
  delay(1000); 
}

Blinking 2 LEDs - Using delay function

arduino

1#define LED1 3
2#define LED2 9
3
4
5
6void setup() {
7   pinMode(LED1,  OUTPUT);
8   pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
9
10}
11void loop() {
12  digitalWrite(LED1,  HIGH);
13  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
14  delay(100); 
15  digitalWrite(LED2,  LOW);
16  delay(100);
17  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
18  delay(100); 
19  digitalWrite(LED2,  LOW);
20  delay(100);
21  digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
22  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);  
23  delay(100); 
24  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
25  delay(100);
26  digitalWrite(LED2,  HIGH); 
27  delay(100); 
28  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
29  delay(100);
30
31}
32

#define LED1 3
#define LED2 9



void setup() {
   pinMode(LED1,  OUTPUT);
   pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);

}
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(LED1,  HIGH);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2,  LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2,  LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED1, LOW);
  digitalWrite(LED2, HIGH);  
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
  delay(100);
  digitalWrite(LED2,  HIGH); 
  delay(100); 
  digitalWrite(LED2, LOW);
  delay(100);

}

Blink Sketch - using millis

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
3unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
4
5#define LED1 3
6
7int LED1_state=0;
8
9void  setup() {
10  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
11}
12
13void loop() {
14  ms_from_start  = millis();
15  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>LED1_interval){
16    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
17    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
18    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
19  }
20}

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;

#define LED1 3

int LED1_state=0;

void  setup() {
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  ms_from_start  = millis();
  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>LED1_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
  }
}

Binking two LEDs - using millis

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1
3  = 0;
4unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
5unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2
6  = 0;
7unsigned long LED2_interval=250;
8
9
10#define LED1 3
11#define LED2
12  9
13
14
15int LED1_state=0;
16int LED2_state=0;
17
18
19void setup() {
20
21  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
22  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
23}
24void loop() {
25  ms_from_start
26  = millis();
27
28  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1> LED1_interval){
29
30    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
31    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1;
32  else LED1_state=0;
33    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
34  }
35
36  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2>
37  LED2_interval){
38    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
39    if (LED2_state==0)
40  LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
41    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
42  }
43
44}
45

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1
  = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=1000;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2
  = 0;
unsigned long LED2_interval=250;


#define LED1 3
#define LED2
  9


int LED1_state=0;
int LED2_state=0;


void setup() {

  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
  ms_from_start
  = millis();

  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1> LED1_interval){

    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
    if (LED1_state==0) LED1_state=1;
  else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
  }

  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2>
  LED2_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
    if (LED2_state==0)
  LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
  }

}

Blinking 2 LEDs - with millie, changing frequency with potentiometers

arduino

1unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
2unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
3unsigned long LED1_interval=0;
4unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2 =  0;
5unsigned long LED2_interval=0;
6
7
8#define LED1 3
9#define LED2 9
10
11#define  P1 A7
12#define P2 A1
13
14int LED1_state=0;
15int LED2_state=0;
16
17
18void  setup() {
19  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
20  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
21  pinMode(P1,  INPUT);
22  pinMode(P2, INPUT);
23}
24void loop() {
25  ms_from_start = millis();
26  LED1_interval=0;
27  LED2_interval=0;
28  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
29   LED1_interval=LED1_interval+map(analogRead(P1),0,1023,100,1000);
30   LED2_interval=LED2_interval+map(analogRead(P2),0,1023,100,1000);
31  }
32  LED1_interval=LED1_interval/5;
33  LED2_interval=LED2_interval/5;
34  
35  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>  LED1_interval){
36    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
37    if (LED1_state==0)  LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
38    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
39  }
40
41  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2> LED2_interval){
42    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
43    if (LED2_state==0) LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
44    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
45  }
46
47}
48

unsigned long ms_from_start =0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED1  = 0;
unsigned long LED1_interval=0;
unsigned long ms_previous_read_LED2 =  0;
unsigned long LED2_interval=0;


#define LED1 3
#define LED2 9

#define  P1 A7
#define P2 A1

int LED1_state=0;
int LED2_state=0;


void  setup() {
  pinMode(LED1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(LED2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(P1,  INPUT);
  pinMode(P2, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
  ms_from_start = millis();
  LED1_interval=0;
  LED2_interval=0;
  for(int i=0;i<5;i++){
   LED1_interval=LED1_interval+map(analogRead(P1),0,1023,100,1000);
   LED2_interval=LED2_interval+map(analogRead(P2),0,1023,100,1000);
  }
  LED1_interval=LED1_interval/5;
  LED2_interval=LED2_interval/5;
  
  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED1>  LED1_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED1=ms_from_start;
    if (LED1_state==0)  LED1_state=1; else LED1_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED1,LED1_state);
  }

  if (ms_from_start-ms_previous_read_LED2> LED2_interval){
    ms_previous_read_LED2=ms_from_start;
    if (LED2_state==0) LED2_state=1; else LED2_state=0;
    digitalWrite(LED2,LED2_state);
  }

}

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